Phishing Exercise for TBFC

Overview

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Room URL: https://tryhackme.com/room/phishing-aoc2025-h2tkye9fzU
Difficulty: Easy
Category: Phishing
Date Completed: 12/2/2025

Objectives

• SetUnderstand upwhat andsocial executeengineering ais
credential
• Learn harvestingthe types of phishing
attack
• Explore byhow hostingred ateams create fake TBFC portal login pagepages
using the provided server.py script and crafting a convincing spear-phishing email via
• Use the Social-Engineer Toolkit (SET) to targetsend factory staff.
• Capture harvested credentials by monitoring the fake login portal to intercept username and password entries submitted by the target user.
• Identify the TBFC portal password by analyzing the credentials obtained from thea phishing attack.
• Verify credential reuse by testing whether the harvested admin credentials are also used on the email portal (http://MACHINE_IP).
• Extract sensitive operational information by accessing the factory user's mailbox to determine the total number of toys expected for delivery, demonstrating the impact of a successful credential compromise on TBFC's operations.

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Table of Contents

Introduction
Walk Through
Lessons Learned
Resources

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Introduction

TBFC's defenses are tested once more, this time through a sophisticated social engineering campaign. The red team orchestrates a phishing attack targeting factory staff, crafting a convincing email from a trusted shipping partner and backing it with a fake login portal designed to harvest credentials. This challenge demonstrates how social engineering exploits human psychology—leveraging urgency, authority, and trust—to bypass even well-intentioned security awareness training. The attack succeeds in capturing working credentials, revealing a critical vulnerability: no matter how robust technical defenses are, they can be undermined if employees fall victim to carefully crafted phishing schemes. Understanding both the attacker's methodology and the psychological triggers that make phishing effective is essential for building a human-centric defense strategy.

Key Concepts

• Social Engineering: Manipulating users into making security mistakes through psychological tactics (urgency, curiosity, authority)
• Phishing: Using messages (email, SMS, voice, QR codes) to trick users into clicking malicious links or revealing credentials
• Credential Harvesting: Creating fake login pages to capture user credentials when targets are deceived into authenticating
• Spear-Phishing: Targeted attacks that research and impersonate trusted entities the victim interacts with

S.T.O.P

• Suspicious?
• Telling me to click something?
• Offering me an amazing deal?
• Pushing me to do something now?

S.T.O.P (2)

• Slow down. Scammers run on your adrenaline.
• Type the address yourself. Don’t use the message’s link.
• Open nothing unexpected. Verify first.
• Prove the sender. Check the real From address/number, not just the display name.

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Walk Through

1. Launch the target machine and the attack box.
   • The attack box is already on the same network as the target machine. No need to mess with vpn configs and troubleshoot.
   • 
2. What is the password used to access the TBFC portal?
   1. There is a script located at ~/Rooms/AoC2025/Day02 to sping up the server to start listening for credentials.
   2. Opened terminal and went to the directory cd ~/Rooms/AoC2025/Day02
   3. Launched the script using ./server.py
   4. Confirmed the webpage is up and running at http://localhost:8000
      • 
   5. Using the Social-Engineering-Toolkit (SET) to deliver the link to the victim to collect credentials.
      1. setoolkit to launch the toolkit in terminal
      2. Option 1 for social engineering attacks
      3. Option 5 for mass mailer
      4. Option 1 for send to single email
      5. Send To: [email protected]
      6. Option 2 use your own server or open relay
      7. From Address: [email protected]
      8. From Name: Flying Deer
      9. Username for open relay (leave blank)
      10. Password for open relay (leave blank)
      11. SMTP Email Server Address 10.64.130.91 (target ip address)
      12. Port Number 25
      13. Flag as High Priority no
      14. Attach a file n
      15. Attach an inline file n
      16. Email Subject Shipping Schedule Changes (should be something convincing)
      17. Send email as html or plaintext (leave blank)
      18. The body of the email line by line. Use END to indicate end of email.
          • 
      19. Email Has been sent
   6. Switch back to terminal with server.py running to see if it captured credentials
   7. Username: admin Password: u***********m
   8. 
3. Browse to http://10.64.130.91 from within the AttackBox and try to access the mailbox of the factory user to see if the previously harvested admin password has been reused on the email portal. What is the total number of toys expected for delivery?
   1. Load http://10.64.130.91 in web browser to bring up roundcube login
   2. See if factory user re-uses password
      1. Username: factory Password: u**********m was successful
   3. 1*****0 expected for delivery
      • 

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Lessons Learned

• Social engineering attacks succeed through psychological manipulation and credential harvesting: This challenge demonstrated how a straightforward phishing attack; combining spear-phishing email tactics with a fake login portal; can effectively capture user credentials despite security awareness training. The success of this attack (harvesting the admin credentials) reveals that even basic social engineering techniques leveraging authority and urgency can bypass human defenses. Critically, these foundational concepts are easily escalated into sophisticated attacks: adversaries can deploy the same credential harvesting methodology using cloud infrastructure, legitimate-looking domain names (instead of raw IP addresses), SSL certificates for HTTPS encryption, and professional email infrastructure to create virtually indistinguishable phishing campaigns that are far more difficult to detect and attribute.
• Credential reuse and lack of multi-factor authentication create cascading security failures: The challenge exposed a critical vulnerability: users reuse passwords across multiple systems, allowing a single compromised credential to grant access to sensitive operational data. The harvested admin password successfully authenticated the factory user on the email portal, providing immediate access to internal communications and operational details (the toy delivery count). This demonstrates that without multi-factor authentication (MFA), email filtering, and monitoring for unusual access patterns, organizations remain exposed to rapid lateral movement and data exfiltration once an initial credential is compromised; highlighting why defense-in-depth strategies with MFA, anomaly detection, and credential monitoring are essential safeguards against both basic and sophisticated phishing attacks.

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Resources

TryHackMe
All Things Secured
Social Engineering Toolkit